Archaeological study suggests Neanderthals performed early dental procedures 59,000 years ago

Researchers have discovered evidence of a dental procedure on a Neanderthal molar dating back approximately 59,000 years, found in the Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains, Russia. The tooth, which belonged to an adult of unknown sex, features a deep, man-made cavity reaching the pulp chamber, likely intended to treat an infection. Microscopic analysis and experimental testing revealed that the hole was created using a stone tool rather than through natural wear. The individual appears to have survived for years after this intervention, as indicated by signs of subsequent physical wear. Previously, the oldest known dental evidence was a 14,000-year-old Homo sapiens tooth found in Italy. This study, led by Alisa Zubova and published in the journal PLOS One, suggests that Neanderthals possessed sophisticated cognitive abilities, planning skills, and medical knowledge. These findings challenge the traditional view that such complex behavioral strategies were exclusive to modern humans.